1Dr. Irfan Rasool, 2Dr Hina Jabeen, 3Dr Rahman Noor, 4Dr Amna Yasmeen, 5Dr Kinza Ashraf

Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Predictors of CKD

Abstract:

A serious global health concern, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a degenerative
condition marked by a slow decrease of renal function. There is growing evidence that oxidative
stress and chronic inflammation are important factors in the development and course of chronic
kidney disease (CKD). Patients at increased risk of illness development and unfavourable
outcomes may be identified with the use of biomarkers that reflect these processes.To assess the
predictive power of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers for the advancement of
chronic kidney disease.From January 2025 to January 2026, a prospective observational study
was carried out at the Mayo Hospital Lahore’s Department of Nephrology. Consecutive sampling
was used to register 180 patients with CKD stages 2-4. Demographic information, estimated
glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and
measurements of oxidative stress biomarkers like malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant
capacity (TAC), as well as inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6
(IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Patients were monitored for the development
of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), a ≥30% reduction in eGFR, or the start of renal
replacement therapy. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the data.During follow-up, 58 (32.2%)
of the 180 patients had CKD progression. In comparison to stable individuals, patients with
illness progression showed significantly lower TAC levels and higher levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF- α, and MDA (p < 0.001). The progression of CKD was found to be independently predicted by
elevated levels of MDA and IL-6. Individuals with inflammatory biomarker levels in the top
quartile had a markedly faster drop in eGFR and a higher chance of developing advanced chronic
kidney disease.Biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked to the
advancement of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and could be useful for early risk assessment.
GlobalHealth & Medicine. 2026; 8(3):332-344. Original Article
DOI:10.35772/ghm.2026.01072
Keeping an eye on these biomarkers may help with prompt intervention and enhance long-term
kidney results.

Keywords: progression of chronic kidney disease, inflammation, oxidative stress, biomarkers

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