1Dr Allah Rakha,2Dr Ansa Batool, 3Dr Hidayat Ul Haq, 4Dr Jawad Khan, 5Dr Sobia Afreen
Predictors of Mortality and Neurological Recovery in
Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Abstract:
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe form of stroke characterized by bleeding
directly into the brain parenchyma and is associated with substantial mortality and long-term
neurological disability. Clinical severity, hematoma characteristics, intraventricular extension, age, level of consciousness, and early neurological deterioration are important determinants of
outcome. Accurate identification of prognostic factors supports early risk stratification, treatment
planning, and rehabilitation strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the major clinical, radiological, and management-related predictors of mortality and neurological recovery in
patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A hospital-based observational study was
conducted among adult patients diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Patients
were assessed at admission for demographic characteristics, neurological status, vital signs, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and hematoma characteristics on neuroimaging. Glasgow
Coma Scale, hematoma volume, hematoma location, intraventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and early neurological deterioration were evaluated as potential prognostic factors. Treatmentrelated variables, including intensive care management, blood pressure control, neurosurgical
intervention, and complications, were also assessed. Mortality and neurological recovery were
evaluated according to clinical outcome measures during hospitalization and follow-up where
available. Data were analyzed descriptively and comparatively to identify factors associated with
unfavorable outcomes. Poor neurological status at admission, greater hematoma volume, intraventricular extension, hydrocephalus, advanced age, early neurological deterioration, and
severe systemic complications were associated with higher mortality and poorer neurological
recovery. Patients with smaller hematomas, preserved consciousness, stable neurological status, and absence of intraventricular extension generally demonstrated more favorable functional
recovery. Effective early management of blood pressure, timely recognition of neurological
GlobalHealth & Medicine. 2026; 8(3):319-331. Original Article
DOI:10.35772/ghm.2026.01071
deterioration, and appropriate neurosurgical or intensive care intervention were associated with
improved opportunities for neurological stabilization. Mortality and neurological recovery
following intracerebral hemorrhage are influenced by a combination of baseline neurological
status, hematoma characteristics, systemic factors, and early clinical management. Early
prognostic assessment using readily available clinical and radiological variables can assist
clinicians in identifying high-risk patients and optimizing individualized management and
rehabilitation.
Keywords
: intracerebral hemorrhage, mortality, neurological recovery, hematoma volume, Glasgow Coma Scale, intraventricular hemorrhage, prognostic factors, stroke outcome
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