1Dr. Irfan Rasool, 2Dr Hina Jabeen, 3Dr Rahman Noor, 4Dr Amna Yasmeen, 5Dr Kinza Ashraf

Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Predictors of CKD

Abstract:A serious global health concern, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a degenerative condition marked by a slow decrease of renal function. There is growing evidence that oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are important factors in the development and course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients at increased risk of illness development and unfavourable outcomes may be identified with the use of biomarkers that reflect these processes.To assess the predictive power of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers for the advancement of chronic kidney disease.From January 2025 to January 2026, a prospective observational study was carried out at the Mayo Hospital Lahore’s Department of Nephrology. Consecutive sampling was used to register 180 patients with CKD stages 2-4. Demographic information, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and
measurements of oxidative stress biomarkers like malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Patients were monitored for the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), a ≥30% reduction in eGFR, or the start of renal replacement therapy. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the data.During follow-up, 58 (32.2%) of the 180 patients had CKD progression. In comparison to stable individuals, patients with illness progression showed significantly lower TAC levels and higher levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF- α, and MDA (p < 0.001). The progression of CKD was found to be independently predicted by elevated levels of MDA and IL-6. Individuals with inflammatory biomarker levels in the top quartile had a markedly faster drop in eGFR and a higher chance of developing advanced chronic kidney disease.Biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked to the advancement of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and could be useful for early risk assessment. Keeping an eye on these biomarkers may help with prompt intervention and enhance long-term
kidney results.

Keywords: progression of chronic kidney disease, inflammation, oxidative stress, biomarkers

GlobalHealth & Medicine. 2026; 8(3):332-344. Original Article
DOI:10.35772/ghm.2026.01072

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